Space Sovereignty — incident
Wassenaar tightens space items
The Wassenaar Arrangement updates restrict satellite components and dual-use space technology to a longer list of states of concern. National-security exemptions for routine engineering proliferate.
The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies — successor to COCOM — updates its dual-use list in 2001 to add new categories of satellite components, encryption hardware and surveillance technology.
Member states are obliged to notify each other of denials and to coordinate licensing for "states of concern" outside the regime, formalising what had been ad-hoc post-Cold-War practice into a Western export-control bloc. The Arrangement remains the operative regime for space-component export control across the OECD economies.